CHKDSK
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Chkdsk.exe in action on drive C:
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Details
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Other names
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Chkdsk
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Type
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Included with
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Related components
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The command is
implemented as an executable program file, CHKDSK.EXE. Different operating
systems all use the same filename, but the files are not necessarily compatible
between operating systems.
On computers
running NT-based versions of
Windows, CHKDSK can also check the disk surface for physical errors or bad sectors, a task
previously done by SCANDISK. This version
of CHKDSK can also handle some physical errors and recover data that is still
readable.
[edit] Windows NT-based CHKDSK
CHKDSK can be
run from the Windows Shell, the Windows Command Prompt or the Windows
Recovery Console. One option for CHKDSK is the use of the Command-line /R parameter,
which allows the program to repair damage it finds on the hard drive. For
Windows XP, for example, type after the command prompt with the following
syntax: chkdsk [volume]:/[switch]/[switch] .../[switch].
Conducting a
CHKDSK can take some time, especially if using the /R parameter, and the results are often not visible, for
various reasons. The results of a CHKDSK conducted on restart using Windows 2000 or later
operating systems are written to the Application Log, with a "Source"
name of Wininit or Winlogon and can be viewed with the Event Viewer. On the
Windows 7 operating system, the events have a "Source" name of
"Chkdsk".
The standard
version of CHKDSK supports the following switches:
filename
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FAT only. Specifies the file or
set of files to check for fragmentation. Wildcard characters (* and ?) are
allowed.
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path
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FAT only. Specifies the location
of a file or set of files within the folder structure of the volume.
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size
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NTFS only. Changes the log file
size to the specified number of kilobytes. Must be used with the /l switch.
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volume
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FAT and NTFS (NTFS support is
unofficially supported but works normally). Specifies the drive letter
(followed by a colon), mount point, or volume name.
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/c
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NTFS only. Skips checking of
cycles within the folder structure.
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/f
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Fixes errors on the volume. The
volume must be locked. If CHKDSK cannot lock the volume, it offers to check
it the next time the computer starts.
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/i
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NTFS only. Performs a less
vigorous check of index entries.
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/l[:size]
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NTFS only. Displays current size
of the log file. If size is specified, changes the log file to that size (in kilobytes).
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/p
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Checks disk even if it is not
flagged as "dirty" (only available in the Recovery Console).
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/r
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Locates bad sectors and recovers
readable information (implies /f and /p). Unreadable data is lost. If
CHKDSK cannot lock the volume, it offers to check it the next time the
computer starts.
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/v
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On FAT: Displays the full path and
name of every file on the volume. On NTFS: Displays cleanup messages, if any.
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/x
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NTFS only. Forces the volume to
dismount first, if necessary. All opened handles to the volume are then
invalid (implies /f ).
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/b
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NTFS only, since Windows Vista.
Clears the list of bad clusters on the volume and rescans all clusters for
errors (implies /r).
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/?
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Displays the list of available
CHKDSK switches.
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When running
CHKDSK from the Recovery Console the options are different. The /p is not read-only as in
the standard version but corrects errors :[1]
/p
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Fixes errors on the volume. Same
as the /f option in standard CHKDSK.
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/r
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Locates bad sectors and recovers
readable information (implies /f and /p). Takes much longer to run than /p by
itself.
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A typical
pre-Windows Vista result:
'''For Windows XP:''' Type after
command prompt with the following syntax: chkdsk [volume]:/[switch]/[switch]
.../[switch]
If the drive cannot be locked, you will
see:
Chkdsk cannot run because the volume is
in use by another process. Would you like to schedule this volume to be checked
the next time the system restarts? (Y/N)
Type "Y".
The next time the computer starts, you
will see on a blue MS system screen:
A disk check has been scheduled.
Checking file system on C:
The type of the file system is NTFS.
Windows will now check the disk.
Cleaning up minor inconsistencies on
the drive.
Cleaning up 318 unused index entries
from index $SII of file 0x9.
Cleaning up 318 unused index entries
from index $SDH of file 0x9.
Cleaning up 318 unused security
descriptors.
CHKDSK is verifying file data (stage 4
of 5)...
File data verification completed.
CHKDSK is verifying free space (stage 5
of 5)...
Free space verification is complete.
14996645 KB total disk space.
10187752 KB in 88054 files.
30784 KB in 5774 indexes.
0 KB in bad sectors.
164341 KB in use by the system.
65536 KB occupied by the log file.
4613768 KB available on disk.
4096 bytes in each allocation unit.
3749161 total allocation units on disk.
1153442 allocation units available on disk.
Windows Vista or Windows 7
result (App Event Log) found in "bootex.log" in the root
folder of the drive:
Checking file system on C:
The type of the file system is NTFS.
A disk check has been scheduled.
Windows will now check the disk.
79232 file records processed.
332 large file records processed.
0 bad file records processed.
2 EA records processed.
44 reparse records processed.
105198 index entries processed.
0 unindexed files processed.
79232 security descriptors processed.
Cleaning up 1 unused index entries from index $SII of file 0x9.
Cleaning up 1 unused index entries from
index $SDH of file 0x9.
Cleaning up 1 unused security
descriptors.
12984 data files processed.
CHKDSK is verifying Usn Journal...
35789792 USN bytes processed.
Usn Journal verification completed.
Windows has checked the file system and
found no problems.
78175231 KB total disk space.
12902428 KB in 54029 files.
36068 KB in 12985 indexes.
0 KB in bad sectors.
187407 KB in use by the system.
65536 KB occupied by the log file.
65049328 KB available on disk.
4096 bytes in each allocation unit.
19543807 total allocation units on disk.
16262332 allocation units available on disk.
The version of
CHKDSK (and Undelete) supplied with
MS-DOS 5.0 has a bug
which can corrupt data. This applies to CHKDSK.EXE and UNDELETE.EXE with a date of
04/09/91 (April 9, 1991). If the file allocation table of a disk uses 256 sectors, running CHKDSK /F can cause data loss and running UNDELETE can cause unpredictable results. This
normally affects disks with a capacity of approximately a multiple of 128 MB.
This bug was fixed in MS-DOS 5.0a. A Microsoft Knowledge Base article[2] gives more
details on this.
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